Thursday, January 31, 2008
Institute for War & Peace Reporting
Rabu pagi saya datang ke kantor Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Naik kereta api bawah tanah dari Russel Square dan berhenti di stasiun Chancery Lane. Saya jalan kaki 5 menit guna menemukan sebuah restoran bernama Vine. Kantor IWPR terletak di atas Vine.
Mike Day, chief operation IWPR, menyambut saya di kantor mereka. Mike memperkenalkan saya dengan Don Hinrichsen, yang mengerjakan fund raising, serta Yigal Chazan, redaktur pelaksana. Tony Borden, direktur eksekutif IWPR, lagi berada di New York.
Kelompok ini dulu didirikan wartawan-wartawan muda yang tak puas dengan liputan media mainstrem terhadap perang di Yugoslavia. Kini mereka salah satu NGO media development terkemuka di Eropa.
Mereka tampaknya sudah riset soal Pantau. Saya lihat satu gepok print out tentang Pantau di tangan Mike Day. Saya ceritakan singkat rekomendasi Fiona Llyod agar kami belajar dari IWPR soal menggabungkan training serta feature service dan program newspaper empowerement. IWPR juga punya program pemberdayaan suratkabar, radio dan televisi. Organisasi ini kegiatannya mirip Pantau.
Mike lantas mengatur saya bertemu satu per satu dengan mereka. Yigal cerita soal ruang redaksi dan standar jurnalisme. Mike cerita soal struktur organisasi, pembagian kerja board dan manajemen serta sejarah singkat IWPR. Mereka bekerja di beberapa negara Afrika, Kaukasus, Asia Tengah (termasuk Iran dan Afghanistan) serta Filipina.
Yigal juga memperkenalkan saya dengan Lisa Clifford, international justice reporter, yang khusus bekerja di Den Haag. Lisa tugasnya adalah meliput pengadilan hak asasi manusia di Den Haag. Kerjanya, memimpin kantor IWPR Den Haag serta meliput para penjahat kemanusiaan. Bangsa Indonesia mungkin bisa belajar banyak bila Soeharto sempat di-den-haag-kan.
Mike mengajak Don dan saya minum kopi di Vine. Saya ceritakan keinginan saya bisa melatih beberapa wartawan muda untuk mengembangkan Pantau. Saya ingin mereka magang atau kuliah di London, New York atau Washington. Pulangnya, mereka bisa memperkuat program pelatihan wartawan di Pantau. Kami bermimpi bisa bekerja lebih banyak lagi di Indonesia, Timor Timur, Malaysia dan Filipina. Mimpinya, melihat mutu jurnalisme di masyarakat-masyarakat ini berkembang sehingga bisa melayani masyarakatnya dengan baik.
Mike bilang program begini harus diatur secara sistematis. Proses seleksinya harus dicari mereka yang lancar bahasa Inggris. Tak perlu magang di tempat sibuk macam harin The Guardian atau The Independent, namun tempat yang lebih kecil dimana redakturnya bisa menyediakan waktu buat jadi mentor. Dia usul salah satunya magang di Balkan Investigative Reporting Network di Beograd.
Bekas negara Yugoslavia adalah tempat yang cocok untuk belajar buat wartawan Indonesia. Di Belgrade, orang bisa belajar soal nasionalisme, identitas etnik, perselisihan Islam-Kristen serta perang. Mungkin tiga hingga enam bulan bisa magang.
Saya tanya bagaimana kami bisa belajar soal manajemen? Saya ingin tahu pembagian tanggungjawab dan kerja antara board dan manajemen? Mike usul belajar beginian di London. Namun ini juga harus dibuat dengan terstruktur. Lisa mengingatkan soal lima atau enam wartawan Uganda yang bergantian magang di Den Haag. Mereka banyak merasa kesepian. Malam hari sering jalan-jalan. Mereka juga baru pertama kali pergi ke luar negeri. Masih butuh waktu buat menyerah pengalaman baru.
Don membahas soal fund raising serta pengembangan organisasi. Kami ternyata punya minat sama: air. Don adalah penulis buku Coastal Waters of the World: Trends, Threats and Strategies. Tak banyak wartawan di dunia yang tertarik meliput air. Kami bisa omong macam-macam soal air.
Intinya, saya minta tolong dicarikan dana dan program buat melakukan kaderisasi di Pantau. Baik pada sisi redaksi maupun sisi bisnis. Saya ingin dalam lima tahun ke depan, sudah ada empat atau lima orang muda, yang memahami jurnalisme dengan kuat serta bisa mengatur manajemen NGO media macam Pantau. Saya juga ingin ada trainer IWPR bikin "training for trainers."
Yigal mengingatkan saya bahwa program magang ini harus dibuat terstruktur. "Kalau tidak," katanya, "teman-teman kamu malah lebih menikmati hidup di London!"
Saya tersenyum kecut. Tadi malam ada konser musik pop dekat Russel Square. Kelompok-kelompok yang tampil memainkan musik dengan mulus. Daya tarik London memang luar biasa! Sayang, musik yang mereka mainkan terlalu muda untuk saya. Tapi saya bayangkan, kalau Eva Danayanti ada disini, dia pasti sudah jingkrak-jingkrak di lapangan.
Hari Kamis ini, saya akan datang sekali lagi ke kantor IWPR, dan secara lebih dalam mendiskusikan kemungkinan kerja sama IWPR dan Pantau. Mike juga akan mencarikan bahan-bahan buat saya belajar soal "board" dan "manajemen." Don akan bicara soal kemungkinan kerja sama ini.
Ketika keluar dari Vine, saya sempat melirik thermometer dekat pintu: 3.9 derajat Celcius! Saya beruntung sudah dibelikan long john oleh Sapariah. Jaket kulit dirapatkan dan saya kembali ke stasiun 'the tube.'
Tuesday, January 29, 2008
Hotel Russel dan Handphone di London
Ini hanya pemberitahuan kecil saja. Ada beberapa orang menelepon nomor mobile saya. Maaf saya tak bisa mengangkat. Saya lagi ada di London. Kalau saya angkat terlalu mahal biaya roaming.
Saya harus berhemat. Sejak Norman dipindahkan ibunya ke Bintaro, pendapatan kami dikuras buat bayar biaya transportasi Kemayoran-Bintaro. Pengeluaran harus diatur ketat. Saya tak bisa menerima telepon mahal. Saya juga tak menjawab SMS mengingat biayanya mahal. Anda bisa hubungi saya via email. Kebetulan saya tinggal di hotel dengan fasilitas internet 24 jam dalam kamar sehingga bisa cek email rutin. Atau bisa juga menelepon Hotel Russel +44 20 78376470 kamar 3558. Saya hanya tiga malam disini. Sabtu pagi sudah ada di Jakarta.
Hotel Russel, sebuah bangunan Victorian, terletak di jantung daerah Bloomsbury, salah satu tempat paling populer di London. Hotel ini bintang empat. Dia terletak dekat Covent Garden, British Museum, Oxford Street serta mudah menjangkau Buckingham Palace, St Paul’s Cathedral, London Eye, Tower of London serta Houses of Parliament. Ia terletak persis depan Russel Square. Sisi-sisi lapangan ini dipenuhi bangunan-bangunan dari University of London. Salah satu sekolah dari universitas ini, yang sangat aku kenal, adalah School of Oriental & Asian Studies (SOAS).
Hotel Russel, menurut selebaran hotel, dibangun antara 1886 dan 1900. Arsiteknya, Charles Fitzroy Dolls. Dia membangun hotel ini dengan mengacu pada Chateau de Madrid di Bologna. Ia delapan tingkat. Pematung Henry Charles Fehr, diminta Dolls, membuat empat patung ratu-ratu dan perdana menteri Inggris di hotel ini.
Ketika Perang Dunia II, hotel ini termasuk bangunan lama yang selamat dan pemboman Jerman. Tinggal di hotel ini membuat saya seakan-akan masuk ke novel J.K. Rowling tentang Harry Potter dan sekolah Hogwart. Karpetnya tebal, menenggelamkan sepatu. Tangga lebar dan patung naga menghiasi setiap tikungan tangga. Lampu-lampu bergantungan, warna kuning, perabotan dari kayu gelap.
Isteri saya, Sapariah, mengingatkan saya jangan-jangan hotel ini ada hantunya! Macam cerita Harry Potter beneran!
Monday, January 28, 2008
Se fue el "matón de Kemusuk"
Por Andreas Harsono
YAKARTA, 28 ene (IPS) - Minutos después de escuchar la noticia de que el ex dictador indonesio Alí Suharto había muerto el domingo, Marco, líder de las milicias civiles en esta capital, se puso su traje de batalla y corrió hasta la mansión del fallecido presidente para colaborar en las tareas de vigilancia.
Suharto murió a la 1.10 PM local. A las 4.00 PM, su cuerpo yacía ya en la sala de estar de su casona. Funcionarios de gobierno, políticos, generales, empresarios y periodistas con sus cámaras, micrófonos y vehículos de transmisión satelital rodearon el vecindario.
"Es una gran pérdida. Su muerte me deja desamparado. De inmediato puse una bandera a media asta en mi casa", dijo Marco a IPS.
Fitullah, otro miembro de las milicias pro-Suharto, dijo: "Vinimos aquí por nuestra conciencia. Si hubiéramos esperado las instrucciones, no habríamos llegado tan rápido".
Más de 300 milicianos, además de los soldados del Comando de Fuerzas Especiales, se pusieron en fila en la calle Cedana de Yakarta el domingo para dar su último adiós a su líder. "Era el patrón de nuestra organización", afirmó Marco.
Los milicianos conforman "Pemuda Pancasila" (Juventud Panchasila), organización de base integrada en su mayoría por matones. "Tenemos alrededor de 11 millones de miembros", dijo orgulloso Marco quien, como la mayoría de los habitantes de la isla de Java usan sólo un nombre.
No es coincidencia que los milicianos hayan estado presentes en la mansión de Suharto.
Benedict Anderson, profesor de la estadounidense Universidad Cornell y experto en Indonesia, escribió sobre las tácticas oportunistas y de bandidaje del ex dictador indonesio. Anderson llamaba a Suharto por su pseudónimo secreto: "Gali Pelarian Kemusuk" (el matón de Kemusuk).
Suharto nació el 8 de junio de 1921 en la aldea de Kemusuk, dentro de la jurisdicción de la ciudad de Yogjakarta, en el centro de Java. Cuando era aún adolescente, se alistó por tres años en el ejército colonial holandés. Pero, una semana después de iniciado su entrenamiento, los holandeses se rindieron ante el ejército japonés invasor.
El futuro dictador rápidamente cambió de bando y se unió a los colaboradores japoneses. Pero Tokio perdió la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) y los combatientes por la libertad de Indonesia, liderados por Sukarno y Mohammad Hatta, declararon la independencia de este país el 17 de agosto de 1945.
Suharto una vez más cambió de bando y se unió al recién creado ejército indonesio.
En los años 50, fue un funcionario de bajo perfil pero osado. Entre 1956 y 1957 estuvo involucrado en actividades de contrabando. Pero era un período de la historia indonesia donde era difícil diferenciar bandidos de soldados. Suharto arguyó que era correcto hacer "negocios" para poder alimentar a sus combatientes.
Abdul Harris Nasution, el superior de Suharto, decidió que era más seguro sacarlo de su comando y lo envió a un programa de capacitación para oficiales en Bandung.
Su carrera política cambió el 30 de septiembre de 1965, cuando cientos de jefes militares secuestraron y mataron a varios generales. Nasution escapó.
Suharto sabía del plan porque la mayoría de los secuestradores eran sus correligionarios. Estos planeaban llevar a los generales, supuestamente responsables de una conspiración, ante el presidente Sukarno.
Los secuestros no eran algo inusual en los primeros días de la Indonesia independiente. Los milicianos también habían secuestrado a Sukarno y a Hatta apenas un día antes de la declaración de la independencia.
La siguiente mañana, el 1 de octubre de 1965, Suharto decidió actuar contra sus antiguos correligionarios. Los militares bajo su mando iniciaron una purga con los partidarios de Sukarno, y así tomó el poder.
Suharto acusó de esto a los comunistas, y se inició un sangriento período en la historia de Indonesia. Al menos 500.000 personas fueron asesinadas entre octubre de 1965 y marzo de 1966.
Cientos de miles de personas fueron enviadas a prisión sin una clara acusación y fueron víctimas de torturas. Se robaron propiedades y hubo violaciones frecuentes a mujeres y niñas. Decenas de intelectuales y activistas fueron exiliados a la isla de Buru. Los periodistas fueron censurados.
Mientras, Suharto intentó reconstruir la economía indonesia. Convocó a economistas educados en Estados Unidos que trabajaron en forma estrecha con el Banco Mundial, el Fondo Monetario Internacional y varios gobiernos de Occidente.
Estos economistas abrieron los vastos recursos naturales indonesios a las inversiones extranjeras, y volcaron las ganancias en infraestructura. Diseñaron programas de planificación familiar para reducir el crecimiento poblacional. En la agricultura crearon una dependencia de los fertilizantes y pesticidas.
En 1975, Suharto ordenó a sus tropas invadir Timor Oriental, con apoyo de Australia, Estados Unidos, Gran Bretaña y Japón. Sus soldados mataron a entre 100.000 y 200.000 personas en Timor Oriental y unos 100.000 en Papúa Occidental, decenas de miles más en Aceh, Lampung y Tanjung Priok.
La Red de Acción por Timor Oriental, organización por los derechos humanos con sede en Nueva York, llamó a Suharto "uno de los peores asesinos en masa del siglo XX".
Suharto también acumuló un terrible historial de corrupción. Se calcula que él, su familia y sus colaboradores robaron 15.000 millones de dólares.
Su régimen discriminó a la minoría china. Prohibió los nombres chinos, pero no tuvo reparos en aprovecharse de varios magnates de ese origen para construir su imperio económico.
En los años 80, su régimen se volvió más totalitario, ganó el apoyo de Occidente y adoptó un doble discurso. Cuando hablaba de consolidar una "democracia Panchasila", en realidad se refería a afirmar su gobierno.
Panchasila es la ideología sobre la que esta basada el Estado indonesio, compuesto por cinco principios fundamentales impulsados por Sukarno. Estos son: creencia en un Dios supremo, sentido de humanidad, unidad nacional, democracia y justicia social.
La crisis económica del sudeste asiático en los años 90 expuso la debilidad de su régimen corrupto y represor. La pobreza en las áreas rurales era rampante. Muchas islas quedaron atrás en desarrollo comparadas con Java.
En mayo de 1998, Suharto puso fin a su gobierno de 32 años luego de que la rupia indonesia colapsó. En su retiro, culpó a sus ministros por los asesinatos y los casos de corrupción que caracterizaron su régimen.
Evitó ser juzgado arguyendo problemas de salud. Fue hospitalizado 14 veces entre 1999 y 2007, eludiendo así las acusaciones de genocidio, destrucción y corrupción en su contra.
También logró proteger a sus generales, amigos y familiares que cumplieron sus órdenes de masacres, torturas y robos. Hoy todos ellos viven en Yakarta, y visitaban su mansión en limusinas negras. Muchos de los actuales miembros del gobierno fueron sus asistentes, incluyendo al presidente Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono y al vicepresidente Jusuf Kalla.
Su última hospitalización fue hace dos semanas. Cuando estaba cerca de la muerte, muchas personas creían que lo protegían sus muchos amuletos. Suharto era supersticioso y había consultado a muchos clarividentes durante sus años de gobierno.
Suharto murió, pero sus tácticas de bandidaje lo sobreviven. Marco, Fitullah y muchos otros matones en su residencia muestran que su legado goza de buena salud.(FIN/2008)
The 'Kemusuk Thug' Is Finally Dead
Analysis by Andreas Harsono
Inter Press Service
JAKARTA - Minutes after hearing of Suharto’s passing away on Sunday, Marco, a militia leader in the capital, donned battle fatigues and raced to the former president’s mansion on Cendana street to help with guard duties.
Suharto died at 1:10 pm. By 4 pm, his body was already laid down in his living room. Government officials, politicians, generals, businessmen and reporters with their cameras, boom mikes and satellite vans crowded the neighbourhood.
"It’s a huge loss. His death left me bereft. I immediately flew a half-mast flag in front of my house,’’ Marco told IPS. Fitullah, another militiaman, said: ‘’We came here because of our conscience. If we had waited for instructions, it would not have been fast enough.’’
More than 300 militiamen, in addition to soldiers of the Kopassus special command, lined Cendana street on Sunday to pay their last respects to their patriarch. ‘’He was the patron of our organisation,’’ said Marco.
The militiamen are members of the 'Pemuda Pancasila' (Pancasila Youth), a grassroots organisation whose members are mostly thugs. ‘’We have around 11 million members,’’ said Marco, proudly. (Like most Javanese, Suharto, Marco and Fitullah use only one name).
It is no coincidence that the militiamen were present in Suharto's house. Benedict Anderson, a Cornell University professor and an old hand on Indonesia, once wrote an essay, ‘Petrus Dadi Ratu,’ on Suharto’s thuggery and opportunism. Anderson called Suharto by his underground title, ‘Gali Pelarian Kemusuk’ or ‘The Thug from Kemusuk.’
Suharto was born on Jun. 8, 1921 in the village of Kemusuk in Yogyakarta, the heartland of Java Island. As a teenager, Suharto enlisted for a three-year contract with the Dutch colonial army, the Koninklijk Nederlandsch Indisch Leger. But a week after his training began, the Dutch surrendered to the invading Japanese army.
Suharto quickly switched sides and joined Japanese-trained collaborators. But Japan soon lost World War II and Indonesia’s freedom fighters, led by Sukarno and Mohamad Hatta, declared Indonesia¹s independence on Aug. 17, 1945. Suharto switched sides once again and joined the new Indonesian army.
In the 1950s, he was a low-profile but daring officer. In 1956-1957, he was found involved in smuggling activities. But it was a revolutionary period and hard to differentiate between thugs and soldiers, bandits and militias. Suharto argued that it was okay to conduct some ‘businesses’ to feed his troops.
Abdul Haris Nasution, Suharto’s superior, decided it was safer to take Suharto off his command and sent him for an officer-training programme in Bandung.
His political career took a turn on Sep. 30, 1965 when hundreds of army officers kidnapped and killed several generals. Nasution escaped the kidnapping.
Suharto knew of the plan because the kidnappers were mostly his colleagues. They reportedly planned to bring the generals, including Nasution, who were allegedly planning a coup, to face president Sukarno. Kidnapping was not unusual in the early days of modern Indonesia. Militiamen had also kidnapped Sukarno and Hatta, just one day prior to the declaration of independence.
The following morning, on Oct. 1, 1965 Suharto decided to move against his former colleagues. The Suharto-led military even began a slow purge against Sukarno. Suharto put the blame on the communists. It was a bloody period in Indonesia’s history. At least, 500,000 people were murdered between October 1965 and March 1966.
Hundreds of thousands of people were to spend years in prison, without clear charges against them. They suffered, on a routine basis, excruciating torture. They endured uncountable losses of property to theft and looting, everyday rapes and social ostracism that also targeted wives and widows, children and kinsfolk. There were stories about wives who slept with the soldiers who guarded their husbands. Militia mushroomed with Suharto’s rise to power and Pemuda Pancasila became his darling.
Dozens of intellectuals and activists were exiled to Buru Island. Journalists were not spared. Adam Schwarz, in his book A Nation in Waiting, wrote: "In 1965-1966, about a quarter of Indonesia’s 160 or so newspapers were shut down because of alleged communist links and hundreds of journalists were arrested." Suharto looked down on journalists, treating them like servants throughout his career.
But Suharto also wanted to build Indonesia’s tattered economy. He recruited U.S.-trained economists to build the economy. They worked closely with the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and Western governments. They opened up Indonesia¹s vast natural resources to international investors, using the money to build highly needed infrastructure. They introduced family planning to slow down population growth. They introduced hybrid rice, but indirectly also created the rural dependency on fertilisers and pesticides.
In 1975, Suharto ordered his troops to invade East Timor, with support from Washington, London, Tokyo and Canberra. His troops killed 100,000 to 200,000 in East Timor, around 100,000 in West Papua, tens of thousands more in Aceh, Lampung, Tanjung Priok and elsewhere. East Timor Action Network, a New York-based human rights group, called Suharto ‘’one of the worst mass murderers of the 20th century’’.
Suharto also acquired an appalling legacy of corruption, estimated at 15 billion US dollars stolen by him, cronies, and his family, according to Time magazine. He discriminated against the Chinese minority. He banned Chinese names but had no qualms using the financial acumen of some Chinese tycoons to build his business empires.
In the 1980s, as his regime stabilised and won the support of the Western establishment, his doctrine got buried in Orwellian doublespeak. This was needed because of the contradiction between his concept of stability, orderliness, freedom, economic development and democracy and their actual principles.
When Suharto said that ‘’our Pancasila democracy’’ would prevail, he actually meant that his regime would prevail. When he talked about ‘’our responsibility,’’ he did not include his own responsibility.
The Asian economic crisis exposed the weaknesses of his corrupt and brutal regime. Poverty in rural areas was rampant. The outer islands were left far behind compared to Java, Indonesia’s main island.
In May 1998, Suharto stepped down from his 32-year rule after the Indonesian rupiah all but collapsed. He claimed that it was time for him to be a sage. But even in retirement, he blamed his ministers for the killings and corruptions of his time.
He avoided prosecution on grounds of failing health. He was hospitalised 14 times between 1999 and 2007, thus avoiding personal accountability for the genocide, destruction and corruption he inflicted upon those he ruled over.
He also managed to protect his generals, cronies and family members who carried out his orders via massacre, torture and theft. Today they live well in Jakarta, visiting his house in their black limousines and haute couture costumes. Many of today’s government leaders were his former assistants or cronies, including President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice-President Jusuf Kalla.
The last hospitalisation took place two weeks ago. As he neared his death, many people believed he was protected by his many amulets. Suharto was superstitious, consulting clairvoyants throughout his career.
Some days prior to his death, B.J. Habibie, the vice-president who replaced Suharto in May 1998, flew in from Germany to visit. Suharto, who never spoke with Habibie after the transfer of power, refused to see the man he wanted to see resign along with him. From his deathbed, he ordered his children to ask Habibie go away.
Suharto might be dead but his thuggery will outlive him. Marco, Fitullah and many other thugs at his residence show that the gruesome legacy is alive and well.
Andreas Harsono is a Jakarta-based scholar, currently writing a book, From Sabang to Merauke: Debunking the Myth of Indonesian Nationalism
In 1975, Suharto ordered his troops to invade East Timor, with support from Washington, London, Tokyo and Canberra. His troops killed 100,000 to 200,000 in East Timor, around 100,000 in West Papua, tens of thousands more in Aceh, Lampung, Tanjung Priok and elsewhere. East Timor Action Network, a New York-based human rights group, called Suharto ‘’one of the worst mass murderers of the 20th century’’.
Suharto also acquired an appalling legacy of corruption, estimated at 15 billion US dollars stolen by him, cronies, and his family, according to Time magazine. He discriminated against the Chinese minority. He banned Chinese names but had no qualms using the financial acumen of some Chinese tycoons to build his business empires.
In the 1980s, as his regime stabilised and won the support of the Western establishment, his doctrine got buried in Orwellian doublespeak. This was needed because of the contradiction between his concept of stability, orderliness, freedom, economic development and democracy and their actual principles.
When Suharto said that ‘’our Pancasila democracy’’ would prevail, he actually meant that his regime would prevail. When he talked about ‘’our responsibility,’’ he did not include his own responsibility.
The Asian economic crisis exposed the weaknesses of his corrupt and brutal regime. Poverty in rural areas was rampant. The outer islands were left far behind compared to Java, Indonesia’s main island.
In May 1998, Suharto stepped down from his 32-year rule after the Indonesian rupiah all but collapsed. He claimed that it was time for him to be a sage. But even in retirement, he blamed his ministers for the killings and corruptions of his time.
He avoided prosecution on grounds of failing health. He was hospitalised 14 times between 1999 and 2007, thus avoiding personal accountability for the genocide, destruction and corruption he inflicted upon those he ruled over.
He also managed to protect his generals, cronies and family members who carried out his orders via massacre, torture and theft. Today they live well in Jakarta, visiting his house in their black limousines and haute couture costumes. Many of today’s government leaders were his former assistants or cronies, including President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Vice-President Jusuf Kalla.
The last hospitalisation took place two weeks ago. As he neared his death, many people believed he was protected by his many amulets. Suharto was superstitious, consulting clairvoyants throughout his career.
Some days prior to his death, B.J. Habibie, the vice-president who replaced Suharto in May 1998, flew in from Germany to visit. Suharto, who never spoke with Habibie after the transfer of power, refused to see the man he wanted to see resign along with him. From his deathbed, he ordered his children to ask Habibie go away.
Suharto might be dead but his thuggery will outlive him. Marco, Fitullah and many other thugs at his residence show that the gruesome legacy is alive and well.
Andreas Harsono is a Jakarta-based scholar, currently writing a book, From Sabang to Merauke: Debunking the Myth of Indonesian Nationalism
Sunday, January 27, 2008
For opponents, Suharto's death does not dull anger
By Nabiha Shahab
JAKARTA, Jan 27, 2008 (AFP) - The death Sunday of Indonesia's autocratic former president Suharto has not dulled the anger of his political opponents, who see his demise as a missed opportunity to bring him to justice.
For them, including many who were thrown into prison for dissent, time has failed to heal the wounds of Suharto's three decades of repressive rule.
"His death is a tragedy for all the victims of his crimes, they will never get justice," said Budiman Sudjatmiko, who was jailed as a student under the Suharto regime and now works for the People's Democratic Party of Struggle.
The 86-year-old former president, who stepped down in 1998, was accused of many crimes -- among them, the mass killing of over half a million suspected communists in 1965-66.
He and his family also left a legacy of massive corruption, bleeding up to 35 billion dollars out of the Indonesian economy, according to the anti-graft watchdog Transparency International.
As head of the army's Kostrad elite forces, Suharto led a campaign against the then-powerful Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and suspected sympathisers shortly after a failed 1965 coup attempt blamed on communists.
The ensuing violence across the country is acknowledged --mostly outside Indonesia -- as one of the worst mass killings of the 20th century.
"This is the mother of all crimes against humanity. Suharto was never held accountable, he was even praised as a hero," Sudjatmiko said.
"Count in his corruption then he is a perfect criminal -- he can be put up there with Pol Pot and Hitler."
Sudjatmiko lamented Suharto's passing as a second lost opportunity, saying he could also have been brought to trial in the reform era that followed his resignation in 1998.
Carmel Budiardjo, the British-based founder of Tapol, an organisation which advocates human rights in Indonesia, described Suharto's demise as "the death of a tyrant."
"The political elite don't see the need for justice," Budiardjo told AFP.
But, she added, "there are people who will feel like I feel, that he died without facing justice. I only hope the obituaries will highlight what he did during his reign."
Budiardjo, a British citizen, said she was locked up for three years from 1968 in a women's prison in Bukit Duri, Jakarta, because of her connection to an academic discussion group.
Under Suharto, intellectuals were frequently jailed after being accused of links to the PKI.
Fadjroel Rachman, who heads a non-governmental organisation called Suharto Inc. Busters that worked to bring him to trial for graft, followed up his own expressions of condolences to Suharto's family with a call that "legal action against his cronies, families and loyalists should continue."
Rachman, who was jailed for defamation as a student during Suharto's rule, cited the 1975 invasion of East Timor and military crimes during the bloody separatist war in Aceh province as abuses for which victims of his regime are still seeking justice.
Investigative journalist and activist Andreas Harsono vividly remembers as a teenager watching the president's military police shoot a young boy in the street in a bid to reduce petty crime.
"He did not hesitate to take the law into his own hands to solve the problem. The question is: did he solve the problem? Of course not," Harsono said.
Harsono said as a journalist he experienced first hand the suppression of the media by Suharto's regime.
"In the future people will praise him, people will call him the 'father of development', people will deny that he was even involved in fascist activities, in killings and suppressing our freedoms,because he has never been tried," Harsono said.
Photo caption
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and First Lady Kristiani paid their respect to Suharto on Cendana Street, Jakarta. Yudhoyono and Vice President Jusuf Kalla arrived in the residence with their ministers and other assistants in a convoy of 32 limousines, land rovers and buses. Photo by Abror Riski of the Merdeka Presidential Palace.
Friday, January 25, 2008
‘Pak Harto’s’ death leaves a divided nation and media
By Dylan Quinnell: Pacific Media Centre
The military and the media skirt Suharto’s home after his death in Jakarta. Photo: Dylan Quinnell
Indonesia’s former President Suharto has died of multiple organ failure, unleashing a flurry of media coverage and post mortems about his life.
The 86-year-old politician had been admitted to Pataminia Hospital on January 4 and finally lost his battle with old age after years of remarkable recoveries - this being his 12th critical visit to hospital since 1999.
Suharto leaves behind a nation – the world’s most populous Muslim country - and its people deeply divided over whether he was a national hero or one of Indonesia’s most insidious crooks.
Critics regarded Suharto as corrupt, accusing him of embezzling between US $15 to $35 billion from the state, and towards the end of his reign he was condemned as nepotistic, giving positions of influence to his family members.
But during his 32-year rule the vast archipelago experienced unprecedented economic growth and poverty plummeted.
“In the 1980s and early 1990s, the economy was booming and people had food on the table, jobs, and were able to send their kids to school,” says Endy Bayuni, editor of the English-language Jakarta Post, one of Indonesia's most influential newspapers.
.
“They remember good years and complain democracy is not delivering."
It is this economic prosperity that has many remembering Suharto with rose-tinted glasses.
“As this old man passes away we must try to make it more solemn and remember what he did for his country,” argues 80-year-old Djafar Assegaff, news director of Metro TV.
“To accuse him of corruption and put him in jail would not solve the problems of Indonesia.”
Assegaff’s view is not unique with Metro TV. Many others use the honorific Pak Harto – “Father Harto” - for the autocratic leader.
To many, Suharto is regarded as the father of the nation.
“He was in power for 32 years so there's a whole generation with no knowledge of life without him,” says Louise Williams, who was the Sydney Morning Herald’s Jakarta correspondent in the years leading up to the toppling of Suharto.
"It's bit like having an authoritarian father, you resent him but feel lonely when he’s away."
However, there are many who have a very different view, a split that can often be defined by age.
“The young only know him as corrupt, and the poor hate him for stealing money that they think could have been used for them," says Bayuni.
Another that knows the darker side of Suharto’s legacy is Andreas Harsono, a well known local journalist who has covered the major stories in Indonesia for more than three decades.
“Suharto is a monster - quote me on that!
“Under his rule, electric cords were attached to people’s genitals by the security forces - people from Aceh, Papua and East Timor,” says a still bitter Harsono.
There were “almost four million killed ‘for Indonesia’ under his rule, mainly communists, but also separatists,” mostly in the mass killings of 1965-1966.
The greatest sadness that Harsono feels for the death of the old leader is that gone too are chances of uncovering his alleged involvement in the killings.
Suharto’s corruption was so pervasive that many who are now in power owe their start to him, many of whom are now toting forgiveness as a virtue and time as a healer.
Harsono, however, finds this offensive. “People are calling for him to be forgiven, but let’s look at what he did.
“He killed a lot of people and stole a lot of money.
“So, who has the right to forgive him?
“Only people who had their loved ones killed or their money stolen, it’s not fair! Where are the communists, where are the Papuans?”
Whatever their view, this is a big issue for Indonesians – the air can now be cleared.
Wherever there were TV sets, there was also a huddle of people, some quietly grieving and others - especially students - happy at the end of the corrupt dictator.
There will now be seven days of condolences, flags flying at half mast, with a big funeral planned for today.
Dylan Quinnell is a graduating Bachelor of Communication Studies (Journalism) student at AUT University on the ACICIS professional journalism practicum in Jakarta. He is on internship in Jakarta with his colleagues Aroha Treacher (AUT) and Will Robertson (Massey). They are sponsored by the Asia: NZ Foundation and the Pacific Media Centre.
The military and the media skirt Suharto’s home after his death in Jakarta. Photo: Dylan Quinnell
Indonesia’s former President Suharto has died of multiple organ failure, unleashing a flurry of media coverage and post mortems about his life.
The 86-year-old politician had been admitted to Pataminia Hospital on January 4 and finally lost his battle with old age after years of remarkable recoveries - this being his 12th critical visit to hospital since 1999.
Suharto leaves behind a nation – the world’s most populous Muslim country - and its people deeply divided over whether he was a national hero or one of Indonesia’s most insidious crooks.
Critics regarded Suharto as corrupt, accusing him of embezzling between US $15 to $35 billion from the state, and towards the end of his reign he was condemned as nepotistic, giving positions of influence to his family members.
But during his 32-year rule the vast archipelago experienced unprecedented economic growth and poverty plummeted.
“In the 1980s and early 1990s, the economy was booming and people had food on the table, jobs, and were able to send their kids to school,” says Endy Bayuni, editor of the English-language Jakarta Post, one of Indonesia's most influential newspapers.
.
“They remember good years and complain democracy is not delivering."
It is this economic prosperity that has many remembering Suharto with rose-tinted glasses.
“As this old man passes away we must try to make it more solemn and remember what he did for his country,” argues 80-year-old Djafar Assegaff, news director of Metro TV.
“To accuse him of corruption and put him in jail would not solve the problems of Indonesia.”
Assegaff’s view is not unique with Metro TV. Many others use the honorific Pak Harto – “Father Harto” - for the autocratic leader.
To many, Suharto is regarded as the father of the nation.
“He was in power for 32 years so there's a whole generation with no knowledge of life without him,” says Louise Williams, who was the Sydney Morning Herald’s Jakarta correspondent in the years leading up to the toppling of Suharto.
"It's bit like having an authoritarian father, you resent him but feel lonely when he’s away."
However, there are many who have a very different view, a split that can often be defined by age.
“The young only know him as corrupt, and the poor hate him for stealing money that they think could have been used for them," says Bayuni.
Another that knows the darker side of Suharto’s legacy is Andreas Harsono, a well known local journalist who has covered the major stories in Indonesia for more than three decades.
“Suharto is a monster - quote me on that!
“Under his rule, electric cords were attached to people’s genitals by the security forces - people from Aceh, Papua and East Timor,” says a still bitter Harsono.
There were “almost four million killed ‘for Indonesia’ under his rule, mainly communists, but also separatists,” mostly in the mass killings of 1965-1966.
The greatest sadness that Harsono feels for the death of the old leader is that gone too are chances of uncovering his alleged involvement in the killings.
Suharto’s corruption was so pervasive that many who are now in power owe their start to him, many of whom are now toting forgiveness as a virtue and time as a healer.
Harsono, however, finds this offensive. “People are calling for him to be forgiven, but let’s look at what he did.
“He killed a lot of people and stole a lot of money.
“So, who has the right to forgive him?
“Only people who had their loved ones killed or their money stolen, it’s not fair! Where are the communists, where are the Papuans?”
Whatever their view, this is a big issue for Indonesians – the air can now be cleared.
Wherever there were TV sets, there was also a huddle of people, some quietly grieving and others - especially students - happy at the end of the corrupt dictator.
There will now be seven days of condolences, flags flying at half mast, with a big funeral planned for today.
Dylan Quinnell is a graduating Bachelor of Communication Studies (Journalism) student at AUT University on the ACICIS professional journalism practicum in Jakarta. He is on internship in Jakarta with his colleagues Aroha Treacher (AUT) and Will Robertson (Massey). They are sponsored by the Asia: NZ Foundation and the Pacific Media Centre.
Wednesday, January 23, 2008
Sidang Pengadilan Hak Asuh Norman
Sidang pengadilan soal pengasuhan Norman seharusnya dimulai hari ini di pengadilan negeri Jakarta Selatan. Namun ibu kandung Norman, Retno Wardani, mengirim surat minta pembukaan sidang ditunda satu bulan.
Menurut panitera Dimyati, petugas pengadilan mengantar surat panggilan kepada Retno Jumat di rumah ibunya, M.Th. Koesmiharti, di Jl. Camar Bintaro. Retno konon menangis sambil berteriak, "Mana anakku, mana anakku." Padahal, Jumat itu seperti biasa jadwal Norman di Senayan. Dimyati juga menunjukkan surat Retno, di mana Retno minta sidang ditunda karena ada kesibukan yang tak bisa ditinggalkan.
Aku agak heran apa kesibukan Retno. Dia sudah tak bekerja sejak setahun lalu. Dari Norman maupun Sri Maryani, pengasuh Norman, aku tahu kalau pekerjaan Retno setiap hari hanya membaca suratkabar dan nonton televisi. Antar jemput sekolah Norman juga aku yang melakukannya.
Isteriku, Sapariah, dan aku tiba di pengadilan sekitar pukul 9:45. Pengacara kami, Heppy Sebayang SH, tiba lebih awal dan bicara dengan Dimyati. Kami juga menunggu hakim Artha Theresia Silalahi SH. MH., yang dipanggil ke Mahkamah Agung, pagi ini. Silalahi hakim tunggal. Dia yang akan mengambil keputusan soal pengasuhan Norman.
Sebayang dan Fredy K. Simanungkalit SH adalah kuasa hukum aku. Mereka advokat dari Kantor Pengacara dan Konsultan Hukum FREDI & HEPPY, Jalam Tambak 11 A, Jakarta. Sebayang dan Simanungkalit pada Desember 2003 juga mewakili aku ketika menggugat Retno cerai.
Aku memberi kuasa kepada Sebayang dan Simanungkalit pada akhir November ketika Retno tak menunjukkan itikad mau menerima mediasi masalah ini lewat Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia. Retno menolak datang ke kantor KPAI empat kali, antara September dan Desember 2007.
Retno selalu beralasan pengasuhan Norman sudah ditetapkan pengadilan Jakarta Selatan pada Desember 2003. Dia bilang KPAI tak punya wewenang mengubah keputusan tersebut. Lima hari untuk Retno dan dua hari untuk aku. Saat liburan, Norman tinggal separuh-separuh. Aku juga bertanggungjawab untuk biaya pemeliharaan, pendidikan dan kesehatan Norman. Retno menolak kemungkinan perubahan.
Retno beberapa kali mengatakan agar aku menggugat ke pengadilan bila tidak puas dengan pengasuhan Norman. Norman sering mengeluh dengan tindakan dan sikap Retno. Ini memuncak Agustus lalu ketika Retno mengontrakkan rumah Norman dan memindahkan Norman ke Bintaro, rumah neneknya, yang berjarak sekitar 60 km dari sekolah. Norman sering merasa lelah menempuh jarak jauh. Dia kurang istirahat, kurang waktu belajar dan bermain. Apalagi Norman juga menderita asma.
Beberapa kenalan mengingatkan aku agar jangan terlalu berharap pada pengadilan. Siti Maemunah, seorang aktivis lingkungan hidup, bilang agar aku siapkan skenario kalau kalah. Aku sadar lemahnya penegakan hukum di Indonesia. Namun ini cara yang legal. Aku sudah coba jalur mediasi namun selalu ditolak Retno. Prinsipnya, aku mengupayakan kebenaran dan keadilan. Seharusnya, aku juga coba dengan cara yang benar dan adil terlepas kinerja pengadilan ini jelek.
Ada juga yang bilang, "Obviously without her presence. Then what to do if she uses this tactic to prolong? Can the court do any ruling? Take care of Norman during this period!
Artha Theresia Silalahi kini sering masuk berita media karena sedang menangani kasus korupsi direktur utama Badan Urusan Logistik Widjanarko Puspoyo. Harian Pikiran Rakyat pernah memberitakan bahwa Theresia pernah bertugas di Bandung dan ikut menangani masalah hukum anak-anak.
Links ke Berbagai Posting
Kronologi Pengasuhan Norman Harsono
Tuesday, January 22, 2008
Menunggu di Airport Bangkok
Aku tiba di airport baru Bangkok, Suvarnabhumi, sekitar tiga jam sebelum waktu boarding Air Asia. Lama juga menunggu. Untung ada banyak buku bacaan dalam tas. Di airport juga ada sambungan wi-fi gratis. Aku tinggal buka laptop dan internet sambung. Tanpa password, tanpa bayar. Ini airport kedua, sesudah Changi Airport di Singapura, yang aku ketahui menyediakan sambungan internet gratis.
Aku belum tahu kalau di Republik Majapahit ada airport yang menyediakan wi-fi gratis. Aku kenal dua airport ini, Bangkok dan Singapura, sejak 1991. Entah berapa puluh kali aku ada di Changi atau Don Muang --sebelum Suvarna Bhumi. Aku sering kagum pada persaingan mereka dalam melayani para pengunjung. Alangkah nyamannya duduk menunggu sambil menelusuri internet.
Aku juga membaca pidato Bill Keller, redaktur eksekutif The New York Times, soal tantangan yang dihadapi liputan berita dari dunia internet: blog, My Space, Google News, Wikipedia dan sebagainya.
Keller memberi judul pidatonya, "Not dead yet: the newspaper in the days of digital anarchy." Keller menilai makin maraknya informasi di masyarakat sekarang, membuat makin pentingnya pekerjaan kami sebagai wartawan. Orang perlu tahu mana gossip, mana informasi bermutu. Mana opini ngawur, mana analisis yang dikerjakan dengan prosedur teliti. Mana copy-paste, mana informasi baru. Dia menyebut banjir ini "anarki digital."
Dia menganggap, "The Bush administration believes that information is power, and that like most other forms of power it is not to be shared with those the regime does not trust. It most decidedly does not trust us."
Aku setuju dengan pendapat Keller. Aku kenal Keller sejak 1995, ketika aku jalan pertama kali ke New York dan memberanikan diri, tanpa bikin janji, minta bertemu dengan siapa pun redaktur The New York Times. Kok ya baik juga. Bill Keller, waktu itu asisten redaktur desk luar negeri, mengundang aku datang ke mejanya. Aku masih ingat layar-layar monitor mereka masih hijau ... sistem Word Star. Kini dia orang nomor satu di ruang redaksi harian itu.
Di Bangkok, aku duduk di sebuah bangku tunggu, terbuat dari besi, di depan money changer milik Siam Commercial Bank serta toko Thomas & Tonini. Aku juga berpikir soal anakku: Norman. Tadi di depan sebuah patung ular besar dari mitologi Hindu, dimana ada kolam air kecil, aku melempar dua coin satu baht, atas nama Norman dan kekasihku Sapariah. Harapanku, semoga mereka bahagia!
Aku kira, sudah cukup lama aku menjalani karir sebagai wartawan, dari seorang reporter kurcaci memaksa masuk ruang redaksi The New York Times, hingga kini sudah berambut putih, punya keluarga yang menyenangkan. Aku sangat mencintai pekerjaan ini. Norman dan Sapariah mengerti sekali betapa lekatnya aku dengan jurnalisme.
Sunday, January 20, 2008
Harry Potter di Bangkok
Akhirnya aku bisa mendapatkan serial Harry Potter edisi Amerika Serikat di toko buku Kinokuniya di Emporium Shopping Center, Sukhumvit Road, Bangkok. Bersama Eva Danayanti, aku membeli Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire serta Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.
Ini adalah permintaan anakku, Norman.
Sejak Lebaran lalu, Norman mulai membaca serial Harry Potter. Mulanya, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets serta Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.
Ketiga seri awal itu aku beli di Cambridge tahun 2000 ketika mereka baru terbit. Aku sendiri sedang kuliah di Harvard. Ketiganya aku hadiahkan kepada Norman. Namun Norman kecil, tentu saja, belum mau membacanya.
Norman memang belum lancar membaca. Maklum, dia baru umur tiga tahun!
Lebaran lalu, aku anjurkan dia membaca ketiga seri itu, seraya membunuh waktu di rumah neneknya di Bintaro.
Dia sudah hampir umur 11 tahun. Norman sangat suka serial ini. Dia melahap ketiganya dengan cepat. Seri keempat, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, aku belikan dalam edisi dewasa versi Inggris. Norman bilang font terlalu kecil dan dia merasa lebih akrab dengan edisi Amerika terbitan Scholastic. Norman pun berhenti baca serial Harry Potter. Aku kuatir selera bacanya menurun.
Maka perburuan pun kami mulai. Dari toko buku Gramedia, Kinokuniya serta Aksara di Jakarta. Namun tak dapat yang versi Amerika. Semuanya, bahasa Inggris versi Inggris terbitan Bloomsburry. Norman menganggap versi Inggris lebih kurang akrab. Versi Scholastic diberi gambar oleh ilustrator Mary GrandPre. Norman lebih suka versi Scholastic. Gramedia sendiri menterjemahkan versi Amerika.
J.K. Rowling, pengarang serial Harry Potter, memberikan hak penerbitan bukunya, yang bahasa Inggris, kepada empat perusahaan: Bloomsbury Publishing (United Kingdom), Scholastic Publishing (United States), Raincoast Books (Kanada), Allen & Unwin (Australia). Versi Inggris dan Amerika tampaknya paling dikenal orang lewat ilustrasinya. Ada tiga macam edisi: UK Children, UK Adult dan US Children.
Ketika lagi jalan, entah dimana, aku pernah membeli seri kelima Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix versi Scholastic (US Children) dan Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince versi Bloomsburry (UK Children) aku beli di airport Heathrow, London. Maka seri kami hampir lengkap kecuali seri ketujuh Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.
Siang ini, aku mengajak Eva pergi ke Asia Bookstore di Sukhumvit, dekat hotel kami menginap, Grand President Hotel. Kami hanya berjalan kaki beberapa blok. Ternyata mereka punya versi Scholastic namun soft cover. Norman lebih suka yang hard cover.
Petugas disana menganjurkan cari di Kinokuniya. Kami naik sky train dan tiba di Emporium. Mudah sekali mendapatkannya. Aku senang bisa mendapatkan dua buku yang dicari Norman. Dua buku ini, masing-masing setebal 750 halaman, tentu akan menggembirakan Norman.
Lucunya, Eva Danayanti, yang masih umur 26 tahun, tiba-tiba ingin membeli satu set Harry Potter pula.
"Buat anakku," kata Eva.
Aku tertawa terbahak-bahak. Masih lajang sudah mikir buku bacaan untuk anak!
Eva masih banyak urusan lain, mulai dari pacaran, menikah, menjadi stabil, berpikir matang, mempersiapkan uang, kredit rumah, membangun karir, lalu memutuskan hamil, melahirkan, merawat si bayi hingga, katakanlah, 11 tahun kemudian, ketika si bayi sudah jadi sebesar Norman dan mau baca Harry Potter. Jalan masih panjang. Kok sekarang sudah mau beli Harry Potter.
Eva ikut tertawa dan tak jadi beli.
Monday, January 14, 2008
Pak Harto atau Soeharto?
KETIKA lagi seru-serunya liputan sakitnya Soeharto, saya menerima SMS dari seorang wartawan, "Mas Andreas, aku mau bilang aja, di metro tv ada instruksi harus menyebut suharto dgn pak harto. Dan tdk boleh juga sebut tersangka korupsi."
"Kemaren aku coba tulis mantan presiden yg juga tersangka korupsi jend suharto. Gerah sudah. Dan katanya semua tv begitu."
Saya jawab bahwa istilah "Pak Harto" dan "Soeharto" adalah pilihan bebas masing-masing wartawan. Sejak zaman Soeharto berkuasa ada permintaan agar dia tak boleh disebut namanya saja. Harus "Presiden Soeharto" atau "Pak Harto." Maksudnya, ini penghormatan kepada orang tua atau orang berkuasa.
Permintaan itu bahkan berubah jadi larangan walau tak ada aturannya. Pada 1980an atau 1990an, tak ada satu media pun yang berani menulis nama "Soeharto" tanpa embel-embel. Bisa kena bredel!
Semuanya! Dari Sinar Harapan hingga Kompas, dari Pedoman hingga Tempo. Tak ada satu pun media berani menulis nama "Soeharto" tanpa embel-embel "Pak" atau "Presiden" atau "Bapak."
Ketika Soeharto mundur pada Mei 1998, permintaan dari keluarga Soeharto masih bergaung di berbagai televisi dan suratkabar, terutama yang sahamnya terkait keluarga Cendana. Halimah, isterinya Bambang Trihatmodjo, saya tahu, beberapa kali minta televisi-televisi Cendana memakai istilah "Pak Harto."
Kalau hari ini, policy macam Metro TV itu muncul lagi, dan saya kira juga pada media lain, saya kira kita mengambil langkah mundur dalam dalam menjaga mutu jurnalisme kita.
Ini kebijakan salah besar. Wartawan harus bebas memilih istilah apa. Saya tak keberatan istilah "Pak Harto" namun saya tak setuju bila istilah itu dijadikan kewajiban. Saya menilai ini feodalisme.
Dalam menulis, terkadang kita bisa informal, terkadang harus formal. Ini tergantung kebutuhan. "Soekarno" bisa diubah "Bung Karno" atau "Presiden Soekarno." Semua sumber pada galibnya harus diperlakukan sama.
Kalau Soeharto dapat perlakuan khusus, bagaimana pula dengan Sukardal si tukang becak? Tidakkah kita harus panggil dia "Bang Kardal" atau "Pak Kardal"?
Rupanya argumentasi lewat mailing list itu memancing pendapat orang. Saya dapat satu SMS dari Chrys Kelana, mantan wartawan Kompas dan pejabat redaksi RCTI di Jakarta. Saya kenal orangnya sopan dan santun.
Pesannya, "Mas Andreas, kalau saya menyebut pak Harto hanya krn rasa hormat ... reformasi dan demokrasi tdk harus menghilangkan rasa hormat. Masyarakat kita sdh terlalu bebs, lbh bebas dari negara maju yg pernah saya kunjungi spt jepang, uk dan usa. Wartawan disana msh respect kpd yg senior, inilah membuat negara kita tak maju. Bgmn komentar mas?"
Saya menjawab dengan dua argumentasi. Pertama, menyebut Presiden Soeharto dengan "Soeharto" --tanpa wajib menulis "Pak Harto"-- tak berarti kita tak hormat pada sumber kita. Wartawan wajib memberlakukan sumbernya dengan hormat dan dengan setara. Frasa "Soeharto" setara dengan Sukardal (tukang becak di Bandung yang mati gantung diri), George W. Bush, Osama bin Laden atau ribuan sumber lain.
Kedua, saya kira wartawan perlu diberi kebebasan untuk memilih referensi kedua. Entah "Pak Harto" atau "Jenderal Soeharto" atau "Soeharto" dan sebagainya. Ini tergantung pada banyak pemikiran si wartawan.
Mungkin dia menulis dengan suasana informal dan cocok dengan istilah "Pak Harto." Wartawan Robert Fisk dari harian The Independent, ketika menulis wawancaranya dengan Osama bin Laden, terkadang menulisnya "Sheikh Osama" --sebutan orang-orang Arab yang berjuang di Afghanistan terhadap pemimpin mereka itu-- tapi juga dengan formal "Bin Laden."
Kebebasan memilih inilah yang terasa tak perlu untuk policy Metro TV maupun media lain di Jakarta. Saya kuatir suasana ini akan menjalar ke zaman ini. Artinya, ini langkah mundur untuk perjuangan kita memperluas ruang kebebasan pers di negeri ini.
Saya tahu ada media di Jakarta yang sekarang sudah melarang wartawannya menulis "Yudhoyono" atau "SBY" --harus ditulis "Presiden SBY" atau "Presiden Yudhoyono." Ini Majapahit banget!
Chrys Kelana lantas menjawab, "Itulah mungkin perbedaan saya dgn mas harsono. Mungkin saya terlalu sopan, tidak tepat utk reformasi, atau mungkin saya org jawa yg msh orde baru ya, walaupun saya tdk dpt kenikmatan orde baru. Selain itu, policy metro juga hrs kita hormati, jangan dipanas panasi utk berontak/protes. Suka tdk suka wartawan berontak."
Saya bukan memanas-manasi wartawan Metro TV. Saya hanya mengingatkan semua wartawan yang meliput sakitnya Soeharto, serta para redaktur mereka, untuk berpikir ulang soal policy "Pak Harto" ini! Pembungkaman terhadap pers tidak pernah terjadi semalam. Sejarah membuktikan ia merambat perlahan-lahan dan tanpa kita sadari. Tahu-tahu ia sudah mencekik dan mematikan. Eufemisme selalu bagian awal dari sensor.
Friday, January 11, 2008
Norman Got Tattos
Norman mengirim pesan, "I got 3 tattoes a dragon, a clover, n a spikey sort of 'Y.'" Ini didapatkannya dari membeli permen karet. Kami belakangan memang senang menempelkan tatto ke lengan kami. Ia bisa berumur dua atau tiga hari.
Dia tanya aku mau yang mana? Aku bilang tatto naga. Lantas Norman balik tanya, "Sapariah which one?"
Sapariah, lewat pesan SMS, bilang terserah pilihan Norman. Dan Norman pun menentukan yang model clover. Dia sendiri akan pasang yang model huruf "Y."
Namun kami belum bisa pasang tatto. Norman lagi giliran tinggal di rumah neneknya di Bintaro. Dia sering bilang rindu pada kami. Namun tiga minggu ini, sejak Natal lalu, Retno melarang Norman bertemu aku. Bahkan siang hari, makan siang bersama, Retno keberatan bila kami bertemu.
Kami hanya bisa kirim-kiriman pesan lewat SMS atau telepon. Tatto ini harus menunggu Senin 14 Januari ketika Norman kembali masuk sekolah. Dan aku akan menjemputnya setiap pagi.
Wednesday, January 09, 2008
Mimbar Universitas Tanjungpura
Kami berpose di depan kantor Mimbar Universitas Tanjungpura. Berdiri dari kiri ke kanan: Heriyanto, Andreas Harsono, Henny Kristina, Eka Setiawati, Iskandar, Siti Aminah, Teti Kusendang, Deddy Armayadi, Sapariah Saturi, Fitri Rayuni. Duduk: Agustina, Heri Usman, Aini Sulastri, dan Nina Soraya.
Senin ini aku pergi mengunjungi ruang redaksi Mimbar Universitas Tanjungpura, biasa disingkat Miun, sebuah lembaga pers mahasiswa di Pontianak.
Heri Usman, salah seorang redaktur Miun, sebelumnya ikut sebuah acara diskusi, yang diadakan harian Borneo Tribune, di Hotel Gajah Mada. Isinya, diskusi soal liputan lingkungan hidup.
Thadeus Yus dari EC-Indonesia FLEGT Suport Project juga bicara dalam panel ini. Yus juga ketua Dewan Adat Dayak. Safitri Rayuni dari Borneo Tribune bikin liputan diskusi
Heri Usman lantas mengundang aku datang ke kantor redaksi mereka. Ini sebuah kehormatan. Aku lama kenal beberapa alumni Miun, termasuk mereka yang kini bekerja di Borneo Tribune. Pantau juga pernah kerja sama dengan Miun bikin pelatihan wartawan mahasiswa pada 2004.
Maka isteriku, Sapariah Saturi, mengantar dari Hotel Gajah Mada ke kampus Universitas Tanjungpura. Kami sempat tersesat di kampus luas ini.
Sapariah dan aku berada di Pontianak untuk menghadiri acara pernikahan adik iparku, Tursih Saturi, hari Minggu. Kesempatan berada di Pontianak juga kami pakai untuk bikin diskusi dengan Borneo Tribune maupun mahasiswa-mahasiswa ini.
Acara Senin ini sangat padat. Aku juga bikin wawancara dengan dua orang pelamar beasiswa di Ford Foundation. Malamnya, aku juga diajak diskusi. Pontianak adalah kota dimana aku pernah bikin liputan panjang. Aku juga membuat satu bab dari buku aku From Sabang to Merauke: Debunking the Myth of Indonesian Nationalism dari Pontianak.
Daerah ini adalah area dengan ketegangan antar etnik. Pada 1967, lebih dari 3,500 orang Tionghoa dibunuh sebagai kelanjutan dari pembunuhan massal orang-orang kiri di Pulau Jawa dan Pulau Bali. Pada 1997, menurut Human Rights Watch, lebih dari 600 orang Madura dibunuh di daerah Sanggau Ledo. Pada 1999, lebih dari 2,500 orang Madura dibunuh dan diusir dari daerah Sambas.
Ia berlanjut di Sampit, Kalimantan Tengah. Orang Madura kini menghadapi diskriminasi secara meluas di Kalimantan. Diperkirakan lebih dari 160,000 orang Madura meninggalkan Kalimantan. Kalimantan juga menderita kebakaran besar dan polusi asap setiap kemarau.
Di ruang redaksi mahasiswa ini, kami banyak bicara soal bagaimana belajar menulis, bagaimana interview dan sebagainya. Aku bilang bahwa belajar dalam media kampus tak kalah penting dengan belajar dalam kurikulum resmi kampus. Banyak orang justru belajar jadi orang di media kampus.
Kampus ini luas sekali. Maklum Kalimantan!
Saturday, January 05, 2008
SMS dari Norman
Sejak Natal kemarin, Norman tinggal bersama keluarga mamanya di Bintaro, hingga dia masuk sekolah 14 Januari nanti. Pada masa liburan, waktu Norman memang dibagi separuh-separuh antara papa dan mamanya.
Dia sudah tinggal tiga minggu bersama aku. Kini giliran tinggal di Bintaro selama tiga minggu. Norman setiap hari mengatakan dia rindu aku. Terkadang dia protes mengapa mamanya, Retno Wardani, tak mengizinkan dia bertemu aku. Kami bahkan dilarang Retno untuk bertemu buat sekedar makan siang atau makan malam bersama.
Norman juga cerita lewat SMS.
"Pa miss u. C u tomorrow" (31 December 2007 16:17)
"I miss u so much" (20:56)
Menjelang tengah malam Tahun Baru, Norman mengirim SMS, "Happy new year 2 u, sapariah, keke." Di apartemen, Sapariah, keponakan kami Keke, dan aku nonton kembang api dan televisi.
Pada hari tahun baru, kami juga mengatur agar bisa bertemu.
"Idiot mama bitches me of" pada 1 January 2008 pukul 13:22 saat Retno terkesan terlambat mengantar Norman datang ke apartemen. Hari pertama ini, Norman minta Retno mengantarnya ke apartemen untuk ambil beberapa barang a.l. baju seragam dan pekerjaan rumah.
""She says u r not discipline enough" (13:26)
Akhirnya, kami bisa bertemu di apartemen. Dia menangis di kamarnya bersama aku. Aku mendengarkan ceritanya, mulai dari menghabiskan waktu main game hingga merasa kesepian di Bintaro. Lalu kami pergi berenang di kolam renang apartemen.
Ada Keke, Cho Yong Gie, anak adikku, Heylen Prisca Harsono, serta beberapa anak lain. Kami main gulat air. Juga lomba berenang. Keke sangat ketakutan dengan kemungkinan ditarik ke dalam air.
Sorenya, setelah tiga jam main di apartemen, Norman dijemput Retno dan M.Th. Koesmiharti, ibunya Retno. Norman merangkul aku berkali-kali, seakan-akan tak mau pergi dari apartemen. Malamnya, kami kirim SMS lagi.
"Miss u wish can c u tomorrow" (21:36)
Norman ingin bertemu lagi dengan makan siang bersama. Ketika aku minta izin bisa bertemu Norman, Retno menjawab via SMS, "Buat Norman nyaman saat dgn aku."
Maka aku menghibur Norman agar tetap tinggal di Bintaro tanpa merasa sedih. Aku sempat beri dia Rp 50,000 untuk beli computer game.
"I love u and miss u. Can u do the movement fast?" (2 January 2008 20:47) ketika aku memberitahu Norman bahwa aku belajar meniru gerakan tangan jit zu.
"Miss u, can u call me" (3 January 2008 10:28)
Norman memang lebih dekat kepadaku daripada kepada Retno. Retno sering mengatakan kedekatan ini terjadi karena aku lebih memberi banyak mainan atau hadiah lain. Aku kira ini benar namun tidak seluruhnya benar. Retno terlalu sering menekan, membentak dan memerintah Norman.
"Miss u. I'm in church" (5 January 2008 17:36)
Aku menelepon Norman empat hingga enam kali sehari. Terkadang kami masih kirim-kiriman SMS hingga malam hari. Mulai dari tanya soal permen karet hingga pekerjaan rumah.
Kami lagi melewati masa-masa yang sulit untuk Norman sejak ibunya memindahkan Norman ke Bintaro Agustus lalu. Aku bermimpi beberapa kali soal Norman. Aku sangat merindukannya. Aku berharap dia kuat menghadapi kesulitan ini.